1. How are multidimensional arrays stored in memory?

• A) Row-major order
• B) Column-major order
• C) Random order
• D) They cannot be stored in memory

2. What is the basic type of multiple dimensions array in C?

• A) 2D array
• B) 3D array
• C) 1D array
• D) Array of pointers

3. Which of the following is true about a 2D array in C?

• A) A distinct 1D array can represent each element
• B) Only one row can be declared
• C) Rows and columns must have the same size
• D) 2D arrays are only used for matrices

4. How many loops are needed to traverse a 2D array in C?

• A) 1
• B) 2
• C) 3
• D) 4

5. Which matrix is called a rectangle matrix in a 2D array?

• A) When rows and columns are equal
• B) When rows are greater than columns
• C) When rows and columns differ
• D) When columns are greater than rows

6. What is the valid declaration for a 2D array?

• A) int array[][];
• B) int array[3][];
• C) int array[3][4];
• D) int array[];

7. What is the default return type of a C function?

• A) int
• B) void
• C) float
• D) char

8. Which of the following does not return any value?

• A) Procedure
• B) Function
• C) main()
• D) None of the above

9. What is stored in a stack before calling a function?

• A) Arguments
• B) Return address
• C) Local variables
• D) None of the above

10. Which of the following components form a function declaration?

• A) Return type, name, parameters
• B) Body of the function
• C) Only the name
• D) None of the above

11. What is the correct way to declare a 2D array without specifying the row size?

• A) int array[][3];
• B) int array[3][];
• C) int array[];
• D) int array[][];

12. Which of the following will update an element in a 2D array?

• A) Modify the element directly
• B) Scan and replace via loops
• C) Insert at the new position
• D) None of the above

13. What is the advantage of using functions in C?

• A) Code duplication
• B) Efficient memory allocation
• C) Less readability
• D) Slower execution

14. Which function prototype is valid in C?

• A) int func();
• B) void func(int);
• C) float func(int, char);
• D) All of the above

15. Which of the following allows functions to be reused in C?

• A) Procedures
• B) Subprograms
• C) Function calls
• D) Macros

16. What is a key benefit of subprograms?

• A) Prevent code reuse
• B) Halts the main program
• C) Reduces code repetition
• D) Slows down execution

17. Which of the following is incorrect about 2D array declaration?

• A) int arr[4][3];
• B) int array[][] = {1,2,3};
• C) int array[][3];
• D) int array[2][3];

18. Which operation is performed first when a function is called?

• A) Stack update
• B) Main function pauses
• C) Subprogram execution
• D) Return address stored

19. What is matrix multiplication in C?

• A) Adding corresponding elements
• B) Multiplying row of one matrix with column of another
• C) Transposing one matrix
• D) Copying elements

20. How many loops are needed for matrix multiplication?

• A) 1
• B) 2
• C) 3
• D) 4

21. What is the default return type for a function in C if not specified?

• A) int
• B) void
• C) float
• D) char

22. Which of the following is the correct syntax for declaring a function with an argument but no return type?

• A) int function(int x);
• B) void function(int x);
• C) float function(int x);
• D) char function(int x);

23. Which of the following is true about function arguments in C?

• A) Arguments are optional
• B) Functions must always have arguments
• C) Function arguments must be integers
• D) A function cannot return values if it has arguments

24. How are formal parameters handled in a C function?

• A) They are created upon function entry and destroyed upon exit
• B) They are global variables
• C) They persist even after the function ends
• D) They are not necessary for any function

25. What is the correct syntax for calling a function with an argument in C?

• A) function();
• B) function(x);
• C) function(int);
• D) void function();

26. Which of the following is a valid declaration for a function without arguments and without return value?

• A) void function();
• B) int function();
• C) float function();
• D) char function();

27. Which method passes a copy of an argument’s value to a function?

• A) Call by value
• B) Call by reference
• C) Pass by address
• D) Direct pass

28. Which method passes the address of the argument to a function?

• A) Call by value
• B) Call by reference
• C) Call by address
• D) Pass by pointer

29. What happens to the actual parameter when using Call by Value?

• A) It gets modified
• B) It does not get modified
• C) The actual parameter is deleted
• D) The function accesses the actual parameter directly

30. Which of the following languages does not support Call by Reference by default?

• A) C
• B) C++
• C) PHP
• D) Java

31. Which statement is true for Call by Reference in C?

• A) The actual value is passed to the function
• B) The address of the actual argument is passed
• C) No values are passed
• D) The return type must be void

32. In which memory area are the local variables, including function arguments, stored in C?

• A) Stack
• B) Heap
• C) Global memory
• D) Data segment

33. What is the output of this code snippet?

void func(int *x) {
                *x = *x + 10;
            }
            int main() {
                int y = 5;
                func(&y);
                printf("%d", y);
                return 0;
            }

• A) 5
• B) 10
• C) 15
• D) Error

34. What will happen when you pass an array to a function in C?

• A) The entire array is passed by value
• B) Only the base address of the array is passed
• C) The first element of the array is passed
• D) An error occurs

35. Which of the following methods is used to modify a variable inside a function?

• A) Pass by pointer
• B) Pass by value
• C) Call by constant
• D) Call by scope

36. What is required to implement Call by Reference in C?

• A) Pointers
• B) Arrays
• C) Macros
• D) Strings

37. Which of the following functions returns the maximum of two numbers?

• A) max(a, b);
• B) a + b;
• C) int max(int a, int b);
• D) int max(a, b);

38. What will be the output of the following code?

void swap(int a, int b) {
                int temp = a;
                a = b;
                b = temp;
            }
            int main() {
                int x = 5, y = 10;
                swap(x, y);
                printf("%d %d", x, y);
                return 0;
            }

• A) 10 5
• B) 5 10
• C) Error
• D) Undefined behavior

39. What is the primary difference between Call by Value and Call by Reference?

• A) Call by Value passes a copy, while Call by Reference passes the address
• B) Call by Value passes the address, while Call by Reference passes a copy
• C) Call by Reference requires recursion
• D) Both are the same

40. What does the return statement do in a function?

• A) Ends the function and returns a value to the caller
• B) Ends the program
• C) Skips a loop
• D) Continues the function without returning a value

41. What are the two types of functions in C?

• A) System functions and Library functions
• B) Library functions and User-defined functions
• C) Predefined functions and System functions
• D) Static functions and Dynamic functions

42. What is another name for a library function in C?

• A) Built-in function
• B) Predefined function
• C) Compiler function
• D) Standard function

43. Which of the following is a library function?

• A) int max(int, int);
• B) pow();
• C) userFunction();
• D) customFunction();

44. What is the main advantage of using library functions in C?

• A) They are automatically included in the code
• B) They do not need to be declared and defined by the programmer
• C) They always execute faster than user-defined functions
• D) They are more secure than user-defined functions

45. Which of the following is an example of a user-defined function?

• A) sqrt()
• B) printf()
• C) myFunction()
• D) strcmp()

46. What header file is required for the sqrt() function?

• A) stdio.h
• B) math.h
• C) string.h
• D) conio.h

47. Which of the following is true for user-defined functions?

• A) They are always faster than library functions
• B) They must be declared and defined by the programmer
• C) They are stored in a separate file
• D) They are part of the compiler package

48. Which function calculates the power of a number in C?

• A) pow()
• B) power()
• C) exp()
• D) sqrt()

49. In which of the following situations would you use a user-defined function?

• A) When performing complex mathematical operations
• B) When a specific task needs to be repeated multiple times
• C) When no library function exists for the task
• D) Both B and C

50. What is the main disadvantage of user-defined functions compared to library functions?

• A) They cannot handle complex tasks
• B) They are less efficient than library functions
• C) They must be manually declared and defined by the programmer
• D) They cannot return a value

51. What is the purpose of the #include statement in C?

• A) To define user-defined functions
• B) To include library functions related to mathematical operations
• C) To enable system functions
• D) To optimize program performance

52. Which of the following is true about the function pow() in C?

• A) It is a user-defined function
• B) It takes two arguments and returns the result of the first raised to the power of the second
• C) It calculates the square root of a number
• D) It is defined in stdio.h

53. Which of the following statements is correct for user-defined functions?

• A) They do not require a return type
• B) They can only return integer values
• C) They can return any data type
• D) They are always void functions

54. Which of the following is NOT a C library function?

• A) printf()
• B) strcpy()
• C) calculateArea()
• D) strlen()

55. Which function is used to find the square root of a number in C?

• A) pow()
• B) sqrt()
• C) abs()
• D) log()

56. Which of the following is a major benefit of user-defined functions?

• A) They reduce the overall complexity of a program by allowing code reuse
• B) They automatically optimize program performance
• C) They do not require header files
• D) They are faster than library functions

57. What is the output of the following program?

#include <stdio.h>
            int add(int a, int b) {
                return a + b;
            }
            int main() {
                int result = add(3, 4);
                printf("%d", result);
                return 0;
            }

• A) 7
• B) 3
• C) 4
• D) Error

58. What must be true for a function to be considered user-defined?

• A) It must be written by the programmer
• B) It must include only one argument
• C) It must not use any library functions
• D) It must return an integer

59. In which scenario would you most likely use a user-defined function instead of a library function?

• A) When performing a common mathematical operation
• B) When implementing custom logic specific to the program
• C) When calling a function from an external library
• D) When requiring high-performance code

60. Which statement about C library functions is false?

• A) They are predefined and part of the C standard library
• B) They must be declared by the user before use
• C) They save development time
• D) They are optimized for performance

61. Which of the following is true about predefined functions?

• A) They need to be defined by the programmer
• B) They are also known as library functions
• C) They cannot be used in C programs
• D) They must always return an integer value

62. Which of the following is NOT a predefined function in C?

• A) printf()
• B) scanf()
• C) main()
• D) getch()

63. Which of the following is NOT a part of a user-defined function in C?

• A) Function declaration
• B) Function call
• C) Function name
• D) Header file

64. What is the role of the return type in a function definition?

• A) It specifies the name of the function
• B) It specifies the data type of the value the function returns
• C) It specifies the parameters the function takes
• D) It specifies how many times the function will execute

65. Which keyword is used as a return type if a function does not return any value?

• A) int
• B) void
• C) char
• D) return

66. What is a "parameter" in a function?

• A) A value that is always returned by the function
• B) A placeholder that receives values when the function is called
• C) The return value of the function
• D) A built-in function

67. What is the main advantage of using user-defined functions?

• A) They are automatically included in the C library
• B) They make the code more readable and reusable
• C) They are always faster than predefined functions
• D) They do not need a function declaration

68. In a user-defined function, what does the function body contain?

• A) The name of the function
• B) The data type of the return value
• C) The statements that describe what the function does
• D) The parameters of the function

69. What is the correct order for defining a user-defined function in C?

• A) Function call, function declaration, function definition
• B) Function definition, function declaration, function call
• C) Function declaration, function call, function definition
• D) Function declaration, function definition, function call

70. Which of the following is an advantage of using functions in C?

• A) They increase code complexity
• B) They improve code reusability and readability
• C) They make the code harder to debug
• D) They cannot return values

71. In the function declaration int add(int, int);, what does int before add signify?

• A) The name of the function
• B) The return type of the function
• C) The parameter types
• D) The number of parameters

72. What is the purpose of function declaration in C?

• A) To define the function body
• B) To specify the return type and parameters of the function to the compiler
• C) To execute the function
• D) To repeat code inside the function

73. Which of the following can be considered as an example of a user-defined function?

• A) printf()
• B) scanf()
• C) myFunction()
• D) main()

74. What must be included in the function definition?

• A) The header file
• B) The function body
• C) The return value
• D) The parameters only

75. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of predefined functions?

• A) They are part of the C standard library
• B) They need to be manually defined by the programmer
• C) They save time in development
• D) They are optimized for performance

76. What is the correct syntax for calling a user-defined function named calculate with two integer parameters a and b?

• A) calculate;
• B) calculate(a b);
• C) calculate(a, b);
• D) calculate(a) b;

77. Which statement about function parameters is true?

• A) A function must always have at least one parameter
• B) The parameters are part of the function name
• C) Parameters are optional; a function can have zero parameters
• D) Parameters cannot have data types

78. Which of the following is an advantage of using functions in a program?

• A) Functions increase memory usage
• B) Functions reduce the need for repeated code
• C) Functions make debugging harder
• D) Functions are always slower than using raw code

79. Which of the following describes a function call in C?

• A) It defines the function
• B) It declares the function
• C) It executes the function
• D) It specifies the return type of the function

80. What is the output of the following program?

                    #include <stdio.h>
                    void greet() {
                        printf("Hello, World!");
                    }
                    int main() {
                        greet();
                        return 0;
                    }
                

• A) Error
• B) No output
• C) Hello, World!
• D) Undefined

81. Which of the following is true about user-defined functions?

• A) They are predefined and cannot be modified
• B) They are modifiable to suit the programmer's needs
• C) They cannot be reused in other programs
• D) They are always faster than library functions

82. What is the benefit of user-defined functions?

• A) They are predefined in the C library
• B) They do not require a return type
• C) They make code easier to understand and maintain
• D) They must use global variables

83. Which statement is true about user-defined functions?

• A) User-defined functions cannot take parameters
• B) User-defined functions must always return an integer
• C) User-defined functions can be reused in different programs
• D) User-defined functions must be declared in the C library

84. What is the output of the following program?

                    #include <stdio.h>
                    int sum(int a, int b) {
                        return a + b;
                    }
                    int main() {
                        int a = 10, b = 20;
                        int result = sum(a, b);
                        printf("Sum is: %d", result);
                        return 0;
                    }
                

• A) Error
• B) No output
• C) Sum is: 30
• D) Undefined

85. What is the function signature of the following user-defined function?

                    int multiply(int a, int b) {
                        return a * b;
                    }
                

• A) multiply()
• B) int multiply(int, int)
• C) multiply(int, int)
• D) int multiply()

86. In a user-defined function, what does the keyword return do?

• A) It ends the program
• B) It ends the function and sends a value back to the calling function
• C) It declares the return type of the function
• D) It declares the parameters of the function

87. Which part of the user-defined function contains the actual code?

• A) Function declaration
• B) Function prototype
• C) Function body
• D) Function header

88. In the given code, what is int sum(int a, int b) called?

                    int sum(int a, int b) {
                        return a + b;
                    }
                

• A) Function body
• B) Function definition
• C) Function call
• D) Function declaration

89. Which of the following is an advantage of user-defined functions?

• A) They are predefined in the C library
• B) They cannot take arguments
• C) They can reduce code repetition
• D) They do not need a return type

90. Which of the following correctly calls a function named add with arguments 5 and 10?

• A) add(5 10);
• B) add(5, 10);
• C) add();
• D) add(5,10)

91. What is the output of the following code?

                #include <stdio.h>
                int multiply(int a, int b) {
                    return a * b;
                }
                int main() {
                    int x = 5, y = 6;
                    int result = multiply(x, y);
                    printf("Product is: %d", result);
                    return 0;
                }
                

• A) Product is: 11
• B) Product is: 30
• C) Product is: 56
• D) Product is: 25

92. Which of the following is necessary when defining a user-defined function?

• A) Declaring the function inside main()
• B) Defining the function before using it
• C) Returning a value of type void
• D) Using global variables

93. What is a user-defined function in C?

• A) A function provided by the C library
• B) A function created by the programmer
• C) A function with no parameters
• D) A function that automatically executes

94. Which of the following is a valid syntax for a function declaration in C?

• A) int function()
• B) int function
• C) function int()
• D) void return()

95. What does the keyword 'void' indicate in a function declaration?

• A) The function does not return any value
• B) The function returns an integer
• C) The function has no parameters
• D) The function has no body

96. What is the default return type of a function in C?

• A) int
• B) float
• C) char
• D) void

97. What is recursion?

• A) A function calling itself
• B) A function calling other functions
• C) A function that does not return a value
• D) A function without any parameters

98. Which of the following problems is best solved using recursion?

• A) Loop-based counting
• B) Sorting large datasets
• C) Calculating factorial
• D) Printing a string

99. Which of the following is an example of a library function in C?

• A) printf()
• B) userFunction()
• C) main()
• D) func()

100. What is the output of the following code?

                int main() {
                    int x = 5;
                    printf("%d", fact(x));
                    return 0;
                }
                int fact(int n) {
                    if (n == 0)
                        return 1;
                    else
                        return n * fact(n - 1);
                }
                

• A) 120
• B) 24
• C) 5
• D) 0

101. What is the key difference between call by value and call by reference?

• A) Call by value passes a copy; call by reference passes the address
• B) Call by reference passes a copy; call by value passes the address
• C) Call by value and call by reference are the same
• D) Call by value changes the original variable

102. Which of the following function types does not return any value?

• A) int
• B) void
• C) float
• D) double

103. Which of the following is necessary for recursion to work properly?

• A) Infinite calls
• B) Base case
• C) For loop
• D) Exit condition

104. Which of the following is true about recursion?

• A) It requires more memory than an iterative solution
• B) It always executes faster than loops
• C) Recursion and loops perform equally
• D) Recursion is always better than iteration

105. In C, which header file is required to use the library function pow()?

• A) stdio.h
• B) math.h
• C) string.h
• D) stdlib.h

106. What is a function prototype in C?

• A) A blueprint of a function
• B) A recursive function
• C) A user-defined function
• D) An undefined function

107. What is the termination condition in recursion called?

• A) Recursive case
• B) Base case
• C) Stop point
• D) Function body

108. Which function call method allows the actual value to remain unchanged in the calling function?

• A) Call by value
• B) Call by reference
• C) Call by pointer
• D) Call by argument

109. Which of the following library functions is used to find the length of a string?

• A) strlen()
• B) strcpy()
• C) strcmp()
• D) strcat()

110. What happens if a recursive function lacks a base case?

• A) Infinite recursion
• B) It terminates immediately
• C) It throws a compile-time error
• D) It returns a null value

111. Which type of variable stores the return address of the function call in recursion?

• A) Stack
• B) Heap
• C) Queue
• D) Linked List

112. What is the primary advantage of recursion over iteration?

• A) Simplicity and clarity in solving complex problems
• B) Faster execution time
• C) Uses less memory
• D) Easier to debug

113. What is a function in C programming?

• A) A block of code performing a specific task
• B) A type of variable
• C) A file handler
• D) A preprocessor directive

114. Which of the following is a built-in function in C?

• A) main()
• B) printf()
• C) sum()
• D) scanf()

115. Which header file is required for using printf() and scanf() functions?

• A) stdlib.h
• B) stdio.h
• C) conio.h
• D) string.h

116. Which function call method allows the actual value to remain unchanged in the calling function?

• A) Call by value
• B) Call by reference
• C) Call by pointer
• D) Call by argument

117. Which function in C is used to allocate memory dynamically?

• A) malloc()
• B) printf()
• C) calloc()
• D) free()

118. In C, which keyword is used to declare a function returning no value?

• A) void
• B) int
• C) return
• D) char

119. What is the default return type of a function in C if no return type is explicitly declared?

• A) int
• B) void
• C) float
• D) char

120. How many times can the main() function be called in a C program?

• A) Only once
• B) Twice
• C) Multiple times
• D) Depends on the compiler

121. Which function is used to compare two strings in C?

• A) strcmp()
• B) strcat()
• C) strcpy()
• D) strrev()

122. Which of the following is the correct syntax to declare a function in C?

• A) return_type function_name(parameter list);
• B) function_name(parameter list): return_type;
• C) return_type (parameter list) function_name;
• D) parameter list return_type function_name;

123. Which of these is a valid function declaration in C?

• A) int sum();
• B) void sum;
• C) return sum();
• D) int sum(int);

124. Which function would you use to find the length of a string in C?

• A) strlen()
• B) strcat()
• C) strcpy()
• D) strcmp()

125. What is recursion in C?

• A) A function calling itself
• B) A function calling another function
• C) A function without parameters
• D) A function that returns a pointer

126. Which of the following functions can change the value of the actual parameters passed to it?

• A) Call by value
• B) Call by reference
• C) Call by array
• D) Call by variable

127. Which function is used to open a file in C?

• A) fopen()
• B) close()
• C) read()
• D) fwrite()

128. What is the return type of the malloc() function in C?

• A) void*
• B) int
• C) char
• D) float

129. Which C function is used to get the length of an array?

• A) sizeof()
• B) length()
• C) array_length()
• D) strlen()

130. Which function is used to release the memory allocated dynamically in C?

• A) free()
• B) delete()
• C) malloc()
• D) deallocate()

131. Which of the following is a function that does not return any value?

• A) void function()
• B) int function()
• C) char function()
• D) float function()

132. What does the return keyword do in a function?

• A) It exits the function and returns a value
• B) It prints a value
• C) It allocates memory
• D) It defines the function's name